YAŞLILARDA YALNIZLIK ve YAŞAM KALİTESİ - LONELINESS and QUALITY of LIFE in ELDERLY

Cüneyt Çam, Emrah Atay, Burhanettin Işıklı

Öz


Yaşlanma yaşam evresinin sonuna yaklaştıkça her bireyin karşı karşıya kaldığı bedenin fonksiyonel kapasitesinde azalma ve işlevlerde azalmayla karakterize durdurulması mümkün olmayan ve fiziksel, psikolojik, sosyal boyutları ile değerlendirilmesi gereken bir süreç olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Dünyada 65 yaş ve üzeri nüfus, 2010 yılında 524 milyon (%8) olup, 2050 yılında 1.5 milyar (%16) olması beklenmektedir. Türkiye’de ise 2012’de 5,7 milyon (%7.5) olan yaşlı nüfusun 2023’te 8,6 milyon (%10.2), 2050’de ise 19,5 milyon (%20.8) olacağı tahmin edilmektedir. Gerek dünya gerekse ülkemizdeki yaşlı nüfusta meydana gelen artış “yaşlı sağlığı” ve bunun önemli bir bileşeni olan ‘‘yaşlılarda yaşam kalitesi’’ kavramını oldukça önemli bir noktaya taşımaktadır. Bu durum birçok disiplinin yaşlılık konusuna olan ilgisini arttırmakla birlikte yaşlı sağlığını daha sık gündeme getirmektedir. Tüm dünyada giderek önem kazanan, yaşlı bireylerin sağlıklı ve başarılı yaşlanmaları, yaşam kalitelerinin yükseltilmesi, toplumla bütünleşmeleri ve toplumla uyumlu olarak yaşamaları konusundaki girişimler giderek artmaktadır. Başarılı bir yaşlanma modeli için üç özellik olarak hastalık ve sakatlıktan kaçınma, yüksek fiziksel ve bilişsel işlevsel kapasitenin sürdürülmesi ve hayata aktif katılımın gerekli ön şartlar olduğu ileri sürülmüştür. Yaşlılıkta yaşam kalitesi sorularına sağlıkla ilgili konular ve sorunlar egemen olmuştur. Bu sebeple, yaşlanan nüfusun maliyeti ve yaşlı bireylerin hizmetlere bağımlı olmadan kendi kendilerine nasıl bir hayat süreceğine dair endişelerde bedensel sağlık sorunları öncelikli olmuştur. Halbuki özellikle yaşlılarda ruhsal sağlık sorunları ayrı bir öneme sahiptir. Bunlardan biri olan yalnızlık duygusu günümüzde nispeten üzerinde daha az durulan konulardan birisi olup yaşlılarda sık görülmekte doğrudan ya da dolaylı sağlık çıktılarına neden olmaktadır. Bu bakımdan, kişinin sosyal ilişki ağının, arzu ettiğinden daha dar ya da daha az doyumlu algılamasına bağlı yaşanan bir duygu olarak ifade edilen yalnızlık da yakından incelenmelidir.

Anahtar kelimeler: Yaşlılık, Yalnızlık, Yaşam kalitesi, Sağlıklı yaşlanma

LONELINESS and QUALITY of LIFE IN ELDERLY

Abstract:

Aging is defined as a unstoppable process that in which an individual with a decrease in the functional capacity of the body, a reduction in functionalities and it has to be discussed with its  physical, psychological and social dimensions. The population of 65 years and older people in the world is expected to be 524 million (8%) in 2010 and 1.5 billion (16%) in 2050. The elderly population in Turkey in 2023 is suggested to increase from 5.7 million to 8.6 million, while in 2050 is estimated to be 19.5 million. The increase in the elderly population in the world and our country highlights the "elderly health", "quality of life in old age". The initiatives like the healthy and successful aging of older people, the upgrading of their quality of life, their integration into society and their lives in harmony with society gains importance all over the world. Three prerequisites for a successful aging model are the avoidance of illness and disability, the maintenance of high physical and cognitive functional capacity, and active participation in life. Health-related problems especially physical problems dominate concerns about quality of life in old age. For this reason, the cost of the aging population and the anxieties about how an old person would live without being dependent on services have always been priorities. But there is a missing point that the mental health is also important when we talk about older people. Loneliness, which is a feeling that is felt due to the perceived lack of satisfaction of the social network is one of the important psychological problem and causes direct or indirect physical or other mental health outcomes. At present, the loneliness is a subject that not given importance enough and has to be evaluated carefully for elderly health.

Key words:  Elderly, Loneliness, Quality of Life, Healthy ageing


Tam Metin:

ARTICLE 6

Referanslar


İlhan N, Arpacı S, Havaoğlu D, Kalyoncuoğlu H, Sarı P. Huzurevinde yaşayan yaşlıların yaşam kalitesi ve yaşam kalitesini etkileyen faktörler. Clin Exp Health Sci 2016; 6(2): 56-65.

Beğer T, Yavuzer H. Yaşlılık ve yaşlılık epidemiyolojisi. Klinik gelişim. 2012;25(3):1-3.

Proposed working definition of an older person in Africa for the MDS Project 2002 [Available from: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/.

World Health Organization. World report on ageing and health: World Health Organization; 2015.

Population structure and ageing 2017 [Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Population_structure_and_ageing.

World Health Organization. US National Institute on Aging. Global health and aging. 2011.

Kellner R. Hypochondriasis and somatization. Jama. 1987;258(19):2718-22.

Salomon JA, Wang H, Freeman MK, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Lopez AD, et al. Healthy life expectancy for 187 countries, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden Disease Study 2010. The Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2144-62.

Güngör Ergan N. Yaşlılıkta Sosyal Uyum. Erişim: www yaslilikrehberi org/media/13356/497_yaslilikta_sosyal_uyum doc Erişim Tarihi. 2013;13:12.

Rowe JW, Kahn RL. Successful aging. The gerontologist. 1997;37(4):433-40.

Reichstadt J, Sengupta G, Depp CA, Palinkas LA, Jeste DV. Older adults' perspectives on successful aging: Qualitative interviews. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2010;18(7):567-75.

Holstein MB, Minkler M. Self, society, and the “new gerontology”. The Gerontologist. 2003;43(6):787-96.

Hendricks J. Creative aging: How we live, how we age. The Gerontological Society of America; 1998;38(5):633-635.

Elsawy B, Higgins KE. The geriatric assessment. Am Fam Physician. 2011;83(1):48-56.

Arslan Ş, Kutsal Y. Geriatride yaşam kalitesinin değerlendirimi. Geriatri. 1999;2(4):173-8.

Doğaner YÇ, Aydoğan Ü, Sarı O. Yaşlılarda Yaşam Kalitesini Etkileyen Faktörler. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Family Medicine Special Topics. 2014;5(3):70-5.

Çalıştır B, Dereli F, Ayan H, Cantürk A. Muğla il merkezinde yaşayan yaşlı bireylerin yaşam kalitelerinin incelenmesi. Türk Geriatri Dergisi. 2006;9(1):30-3.

Strawbridge WJ, Wallhagen MI, Cohen RD. Successful aging and well-being: Self-rated compared with Rowe and Kahn. The Gerontologist. 2002;42(6):727-33.

Rowe JW, Kahn RL. Successful aging 2.0: conceptual expansions for the 21st century. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B. 2015;70(4):593-6.

Gerharz EW, Emberton M. Quality of life research in urology. World journal of urology. 1999;17(4):191-2.

Long PH. On the quantity and quality of life. Medical times. 1960;88:613.

Farquhar M. Elderly people's definitions of quality of life. Social science & medicine. 1995;41(10):1439-46.

World Health Organization. WHOQOL: Measuring Quality of Life Available from: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/whoqol-qualityoflife/en/.

Gabriel Z, Bowling A. Quality of life from the perspectives of older people. Ageing & Society. 2004;24(5):675-91.

Group W, Group W, editors. What quality of life. World health forum; 1996.

Eser E. Sağlıkla ilgili yaşam kalitesinin kavramsal temelleri ve ölçümü, sağlıkta yaşam kalitesi. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Sağlıkta Birikim Dergisi. 2006;1(2):1-5.

Bowling A. Measuring health: McGraw-Hill Education (UK); 2004.

Berlim MT, Fleck M. " Quality of life": a brand new concept for research and practice in psychiatry. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria. 2003;25(4):249-52.

Türkoğlu N, Adıbelli D. Yaşlılarda Yaşam Kalitesi Ölçeğinin (CASP-19) Türk Toplumuna Adaptasyonu. Akad Geriatri 2014; 6: 98-105.

Eser S, Saatli G, Eser E, Baydur H, Fıdaner C. Yaşlılar için dünya sağlık örgütü yaşam kalitesi modülü WHOQOL-OLD: Türkiye alan çalışması Türkçe sürüm geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik sonuçları. Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2010;21(1):37-48.

Fortin M, Lapointe L, Hudon C, Vanasse A, Ntetu AL, Maltais D. Multimorbidity and quality of life in primary care: a systematic review. Health and Quality of life Outcomes. 2004;2(1):51.

Müezzinoğlu T. Yaşam kalitesi. Üroonkoloji Bülteni. 2005;1:25-9.

Atasever A, Erdinç E. KOAH’da yaşam kalitesinin değerlendirilmesi. Tüberküloz ve Toraks Dergisi. 2003;51(4):446-55.

Fidan D, Ünal B, Demiral Y. Sağlığa ilişkin yaşam kalitesi kavramı ve ölçüm yöntemleri. Sağlık ve Toplum. 2003;13(3):3-8.

Peplau LA, Perlman D. Perspectives on loneliness. Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy. 1982:1-20.

Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT. Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Annals of behavioral medicine. 2010;40(2):218-27.

Heinrich LM, Gullone E. The clinical significance of loneliness: A literature review. Clinical psychology review. 2006;26(6):695-718.

Weiss RS. Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social isolation. 1973.

DiTommaso E, Spinner B. Social and emotional loneliness: A re-examination of Weiss' typology of loneliness. Personality and Individual Differences. 1997;22(3):417-27.

Luanaigh CÓ, Lawlor BA. Loneliness and the health of older people. International journal of geriatric psychiatry. 2008;23(12):1213-21.

Andersson L. Om ensamhetens innehall och aldres upplevelser. Tidskriften Aldrecentrum. 1990;1:9-13.

de Jong Gierveld J. A review of loneliness: concept and definitions, determinants and consequences. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology. 1998;8(1):73-80.

Perlman D, Peplau LA. Loneliness research: A survey of empirical findings. Preventing the harmful consequences of severe and persistent loneliness. 1984;13:46.

Pinquart M, Sorensen S. Influences on loneliness in older adults: A meta-analysis. Basic and applied social psychology. 2001;23(4):245-66.

Dykstra PA. Older adult loneliness: myths and realities. European journal of ageing. 2009;6(2):91.

Arslantaş D, Metintaş S, Ünsal A, Kalyoncu C. Eskişehir Mahmudiye ilçesi yaşlılarında yaşam kalitesi. Osmangazi Tıp Dergisi. 2006;28(2):81-9.

Boomsma DI, Willemsen G, Dolan CV, Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT. Genetic and environmental contributions to loneliness in adults: The Netherlands Twin Register Study. Behavior genetics. 2005;35(6):745-52.

Cacioppo JT, Hawkley LC, Ernst JM, Burleson M, Berntson GG, Nouriani B, et al. Loneliness within a nomological net: An evolutionary perspective. Journal of research in personality. 2006;40(6):1054-85.

Savikko N, Routasalo P, Tilvis RS, Strandberg TE, Pitkälä KH. Predictors and subjective causes of loneliness in an aged population. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics. 2005;41(3):223-33.

Van Tilburg T, de Jong Gierveld J, Lecchini L, Marsiglia D. Social integration and loneliness: A comparative study among older adults in the Netherlands and Tuscany, Italy. Journal of social and personal relationships. 1998;15(6):740-54.

Patterson AC, Veenstra G. Loneliness and risk of mortality: A longitudinal investigation in Alameda County, California. Social science & medicine. 2010;71(1):181-6.

Tobo-Medina N, Canaval-Erazo GE. Las emociones y el estrés en personas con enfermedad coronaria. Aquichan. 2010;10(1):19-33.

Petitte T, Mallow J, Barnes E, Petrone A, Barr T, Theeke L. A systematic review of loneliness and common chronic physical conditions in adults. The open psychology journal. 2015;8(Suppl 2):113.

Boden-Albala B, Litwak E, Elkind M, Rundek T, Sacco R. Social isolation and outcomes post stroke. Neurology. 2005;64(11):1888-92.

Cheng J, Wang T, Li F, Xiao Y, Bi J, Chen J, et al. Self-rated health status and subjective health complaints associated with health-promoting lifestyles among urban Chinese women: A cross-sectional study. PloS one. 2015;10(2):e0117940.

Cacioppo JT, Hughes ME, Waite LJ, Hawkley LC, Thisted RA. Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Psychology and aging. 2006;21(1):140.

Ebrahim S, Barer D, Nouri F. Affective illness after stroke. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 1987;151(1):52-6.

Löfvenmark C, Mattiasson A-C, Billing E, Edner M. Perceived loneliness and social support in patients with chronic heart failure. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 2009;8(4):251-8.

Theeke L, Horstman P, Mallow J, Lucke-Wold N, Culp S, Domico J, et al. Quality of life and loneliness in stroke survivors living in Appalachia. The Journal of neuroscience nursing: journal of the American Association of Neuroscience Nurses. 2014;46(6):E3.

Jongenelis K, Pot A, Eisses A, Beekman A, Kluiter H, Ribbe M. Prevalence and risk indicators of depression in elderly nursing home patients: the AGED study. Journal of affective disorders. 2004;83(2):135-42.

Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Baker M, Harris T, Stephenson D. Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2015;10(2):227-37.

Cacioppo JT, Hawkley LC, Thisted RA. Perceived social isolation makes me sad: 5-year cross-lagged analyses of loneliness and depressive symptomatology in the Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study. Psychology and aging. 2010;25(2):453.

Wilson RS, Krueger KR, Arnold SE, Schneider JA, Kelly JF, Barnes LL, et al. Loneliness and risk of Alzheimer disease. Archives of general psychiatry. 2007;64(2):234-40.

Walker A, Mollenkopf H. International and multi-disciplinary perspectives on quality of life in old age: Conceptual issues. Quality of life in old age: Springer; 2007:3-13.

Dykstra PA. Aging and social support. The Blackwell encyclopedia of sociology. 2007.

Bernard SM. Loneliness and Social Isolation Among Older People in North Yorkshire: Executive summary. 2013.

Simon MA, Chang E-S, Zhang M, Ruan J, Dong X. The prevalence of loneliness among US Chinese older adults. Journal of aging and health. 2014;26(7):1172-88.

Saime E, Sezer A, Şişman Fn, Öztürk S. Yaşlilarda Yalnizlik Algisi Ve Yaşam Doyumu. 2016;5(3):60-69.

Cattan M, White M, Bond J, Learmouth A. Preventing social isolation and loneliness among older people: a systematic review of health promotion interventions. Ageing & Society. 2005;25(1):41-67.

VanderWeele TJ, Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT. On the Reciprocal Association Between Loneliness and Subjective Well-being. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2012;176(9):777-84.

Routasalo PE, Tilvis RS, Kautiainen H, Pitkala KH. Effects of psychosocial group rehabilitation on social functioning, loneliness and well‐being of lonely, older people: randomized controlled trial. Journal of advanced nursing. 2009;65(2):297-305.


Refback'ler

  • Şu halde refbacks yoktur.
TogelhokSitus Slot TogelhokWild Bounty Showdownslot new memberLvonline LoginScatter HitamDaftar LvonlineSlot Gacor Hari IniLvonlineScatter HitamKoi GateTOGELHOKToto MacauLucky NekoMahjong Wins 2LvoslotDragon Hatch 2Slot GacorlvonlinetogelhokSBOTOP
Asalas. | Unlock Anime, Manhwa & Donghua Like Never BeforeDaldoce: Wawasan Bisnis dan Etika KerjaFinasteriden: Unlock the Secrets of the Movie World!Marians Woman: Celebrating Beauty Around the WorldMy Lautoka City: Your Holiday Destination GuideBerita Seputar Informasi Bola dan Olahraga Terbaru Hari IniBerita Dan Infomasi Terkini Terupdate Di IndonesiaArheon - Unveiling the Secrets of Food & Origins WorldwideMPAPER The Ultimate Destination for Anime & Manga FansRunguss : Berita Viral & Unik dari Seluruh Dunia!Szzchd Your Source for Viral & Unique Global Stories!ANMC21: Your Guide to Smarter Living and SuccessEspn Fox Sports Tv Latest News UpdateKabar Nasional Terbaru Hari IniMV Agusta of Tampa: Your Automotive News HubScheidings Mediators: Your Blog for Gaming and Gadget InsightsMind-Blowing Global News | AnnyGod Pharma BlogTech and Play: Your Hub for Technology, Gaming, and GadgetsFC Beat: The Pulse of Global SoccerUETRABAJANDOJUNTOS - Inside the Music World’s Best-Kept SecretsAvtoTema - Unlock Life, Career, and Relationship SuccessBerita dan Informasi Teknologi, Gadget serta Game TerlengkapVandelay Armor - Viral News and Global UpdatesGainesville Sun: Technology & Computers UnveiledGRFX Gaming Party Bus: Journey Through Gaming ErasHouse of Beauty: Celebrating the World's Most Beautiful WomenLearn Mistake: Wisdom for a Better LifeSports Hope Alive: Portal Olahraga DuniaAnd We Danced: Your Global Guide to the Animal KingdomWorld News TW - The Hottest Viral News & Global HeadlinesWriter Sujatha - Life Lessons & Struggles That InspireFecamdsng - Health Secrets & Body Insightsdaftar lvonlinehttps://128.199.185.186/lvonlinehttps://165.227.47.178/https://170.64.192.239/https://170.64.208.214/LVONLINEtelegram lvonlinelvoslothttps://www.lvobet.id/https://www.lvoslot.id/https://www.lvonlinebaru.com/https://www.lvonlineresmi.com/https://www.lvonline000.com/https://www.lvonline001.com/https://www.lvonline002.com/https://www.lvonline003.com/https://www.lvonline004.com/https://www.lvonline005.com/https://www.lvonline006.com/https://www.lvonline007.com/https://www.lvonline008.com/https://www.lvonline009.com/https://www.lvonline010.com/https://www.lvonline.click/https://www.lvonlinepoker.com/https://www.lvonlinebola.com/https://www.lvonlinekasino.com/situs bandar lvonlinehttps://www.situslvonline.us/SbobetSaba SportsUbobetlvonlinelvonlinelvonlinelvonlineslot demo wild bounty showdownhttps://www.latecoere-aeropostale.org/lvonlinehttps://www.drupalforfacebook.org/https://www.idixray.com/https://www.segurodecreto80.com/Scatter Hitamhttps://www.coat2.top/https://www.aievea-bijou.com/https://146.190.97.83/https://143.198.209.134/https://188.166.246.204/https://167.172.83.179/https://www.elearningfacultymodules.org/https://www.togelhok.id/https://www.vfighter.org/https://earthtoweb.com/https://paitohongkong.id/https://paitojepang.id/https://paitojapan.id/https://www.lotteryhongkong.id/https://www.lotterytaiwan.id/https://www.lotterysydney.id/https://www.lotterychina.id/https://www.lotterymacau.id/https://128.199.71.129/https://167.172.64.185/Scatter HitamSitus Capcut88https://www.capcut88.com/https://www.capcut88.co/https://www.capcut88.me/https://www.capcut88.vip/https://towsonsmiles.com/Badan Lembaga Pendidikan Ilmu Komputer SubangUniversitas Negeri JeparaLembaga Universitas Kristen MaranthaSMP 3 Negri Nganjukhttps://peony.blue-forests.org/?zz=balon99https://www.fbslot77.com/https://www.fbslot77.net/https://www.fbslot77.org/https://heylink.me/fbslot77https://publicflashes.com/https://www.gunung388-oke.site/https://rasindogroup.com/https://friwebteknologi.org/https://iklanmalay.com/https://www.resistancemanual.org/https://thelateshowgardens.org/https://www.indonesiareclaimedteak.com/https://www.campur88.com/https://www.campur88.org/https://www.campur88.work/https://www.campur88.xyz/https://www.campur88.lol/https://www.nagacampur.biz/https://www.nagacampur.club/https://www.nagacampur.co/https://www.nagacampur.me/https://www.nagacampur.xyz/https://www.nasicampur88.com/togelhoktogelhoktogelhoktogelhokhttps://www.campurslot.com/https://www.campurslot.id/https://www.campurslot.co/https://www.campurslot.org/https://www.campurslot.homes/https://www.campurslot.design/SBOTOPhttps://idncpremium.unikrim.ac.idhttps://informasi.smpn3nganjuk.sch.idhttps://jurnal.unikrim.ac.idhttps://kurikulum.smpn3nganjuk.sch.idhttps://pelajar-idnc.smpn3nganjuk.sch.idhttps://perpustakaan.unikrim.ac.idhttps://ppdb.smpn3nganjuk.sch.idSlot Ovoslot77https://stikesbanyuwangi.ac.id/siakad/https://itxin.io.vn/slotthailand/berita bungokabrcm educationSesaskss Thailand NewsBerita Harian AdreannesBerita Harian Aspect Marketingslot thailandslot danagunung388https://promobola.comhttps://kapsychologists.comhttps://propertycloudsite.comBerita Harian Waktu MainNKContrast NewsBerita Terupdate Sepakbola DuniaMini Clip Games NewsCentral Street Scene NewsBerita Umum & Bola TerpercayaMaureen Callaghan NewsUfabet789 Gambling General NewsUfabet26 World Gambling NewsUfabetVN Global NewsUfabet Ace333 Daily NewsUfabet442 Daily Updated NewsSattar777 NewsHarian JasaCash88 TerkiniUfabet G88 Summit NewsHarian QQJELAS NewsKabar Warta QQDewaBosUfabet Tech Software NewsVR Slot Online NewsBerita JokerSlotMPO HarianBerita AgenSlot Joker234Ufabet17 NewsUfaDoubleBet06 Daily NewsPro761 Ufabet Live NewsUfabet Year 65s NewsUfabet 365 NewsTHB Ufa Bettor NewsThai Online Slot NewsThai VIP Slot JournalJoker123 Online Slot NewsMajalah AgenSlot GlobalRuby888 Online Slot NewsBerita Global Klik Agenslot228Agen Sloto SG777 NewsGold Club SlotOnline NewsAzar Marra Kech NewsBerita Sidney dan MancanegaraBerita Seputar Sumsel dan DuniaBerita Rehabilitasi Judi OnlineBerita Link Gacor TerupdateItalian Tuition News UpdateWPJS Online NewsBerita Agen Slot RoyalThai Slot Online NewsAll Online Game NewsOnline Game News UpdateAsian Lotre NewsBerita Demo Dana SlotBerita Kalbar ProvLocanda della Maria NewsWye Valley NewsBerita Agen Slot1004Berita Agen Slot33Agen Slot399 NewsPlayboy Slot Online NewsSlot Online BB Slot NewsSlot Online 911 News365 Slot Online NewsEat Atlah Newsambamali canadaInfo Seputar Sepakbolacentre thoughtBerita Hiburanopen etherpadras indo groupresistance manualPrediksi Shiowe want real newsthe poisoned pawnplayjituplayjituplayjituplayjituplayjituplayjituBalijituindonesia reclaimed teakswift kennedy and copullip passionmy passion foraim torontoPublic FlashesFriweb TeknologiIngenious Gamersthe late show gardensGishPuppy Newsslot danaOregon Farm Garden NewsViral Pulse GlobalPromo Bola soccer Captivates The WorldKapsychologists World First The Science of Mental Health - Understanding Psychiatry: The Science of Mental HealthPropertyCloudSite How to Make Smarter Investments in Today’s MarketArnavichara Ultimate Guide Right Business SoftwareAuscare Disability A Comprehensive Guide to Retirement Homes Finding the Perfect Place to Enjoy Your Golden YearsSeries Mp4 The Future of Entertainment Streaming and Downloadable Video ExplainedAlogirlxinh How to Create a Successful Personal Page or Blog in 2024Viral Penampakan Ribuan Orang Mendapatkan Scatter Hitam PG Soft Dari Komunitas Makan-Tidur Nyenyak Di MinimarketNaruto Detik-Detik Petir Rasengan Zeus Pecah Modal Receh VIP Simak Pola Dan Jam GacorPrediksi Tren Pola Scatter Hitam 2025 Yang Unik, Futuristik Dan CerahTips Investasi Bagi Pemula Siap-Siap Cuan Saldo Berserak Memuncak Scatter Hitam Di 2025Menjelang Nataru Pastinya Pergantian Scatter Merah Yang Pastinya Akan Pecah Di Hari IniTangis Haru Trick Pola Mendapatkan x5000 Jaminan Pasti Pecah Auto Direkomendasikan Di JakartaSenayan City Jakarta Mengadakan Pertemuan Mahjong Scatter Merah Pastinya Auto Jadi SultanNew Server Selandia Terbaru Menjelang Nataru Pragmatic Play & PG Soft Scatter HitamNews Ketua Memberikan Bocoran Scatter Hitam Resmi Muncul Tepat Pergantian Tahun 2025 Simak BocoranViralkan Berkat Trick Pola Lebah Modal Kecil x1000 Auto Pada Join Link Ini Simak PolanyaMerry Christmas 2024 Menjadi Kemanangan Megaways Terbesar Dan Terbaik Di Ajang Game OnlineRilis Jangan Sampai Lewatkan Review New Perkalian x1000 Terbaru Semakin Banyak Orang Dapatkan 2025Viralkan Berkat Trick Pola Lebah Modal Kecil x1000 Auto Pada Join Link Ini Simak PolanyaPengertian Rahasia Trick Scatter Hitam: Temukan Di Situs Lvonline Tampilan SupportKesempatan Langka Candy Blitz Bombs: Game Nya Manis Hasilnya Sadis Malam Hari IniSogar Bogar Bandot Berdebar: 3 Tekanan Berenergik Dapat Scatter Hitam Cara Idaman Cukup Kedip Mata Ini CaranyaTrik Mudah Menang Bermain Game Mahjong Auto Freespin Anti Zonk Rungkad Simak CaranyaMetode Trik Maxwin Modal Hari Natal Dan Tahun Baru Buruan Sekarang Join Simak PenjelasannyaKabar Baik Raja Scatter Hitam Asli Resmi Hanya Ada Di Sini Simak Dan Ikutin CaranyaPadahal Sudah Di Tawari Wild Bounty Untuk Stay, Pemain Ini Justru Lebih Pilih Mahjong Ways Scatter HitamPassion Slot Reborn Tips Dan Share Pola Terbaru Mahjong Ways Anti Zonk Rungkad Mari Simak PenjelasannyaStruktur Turbo Mahjong Dalam Kemenangan Gokil Pecah Abis Cukup 2 ScatterBikin Nangis Haru Tips Dan Trick Memanggil Naga Emas Mahjong Simak Penjelasan Dan Cara TerkiniViral Penampakan Ribuan Orang Mendapatkan Scatter Hitam PG Soft Dari Komunitas Makan-Tidur Nyenyak Di MinimarketNaruto Detik-Detik Petir Rasengan Zeus Pecah Modal Receh VIP Simak Pola Dan Jam GacorPrediksi Tren Pola Scatter Hitam 2025 Yang Unik, Futuristik Dan CerahTips Investasi Bagi Pemula Siap-Siap Cuan Saldo Berserak Memuncak Scatter Hitam Di 2025Viralkan Tips Selalu Konsisten Menang Di Mahjong Ways Scatter Hitam Makan Siang Gratis Cuma Dapat MaxwinViral Guru Di Olympus Jalan Kaki Olympus - Olympus 1000 Usai Memberikan MaxwinPertama Di Gelar Di LVOnline Dapatkan Hadiah Uang Tunai Tanpa Di Undi Gampang Menang Anti ZonkMerry Christmas 2024 Menjadi Kemanangan Megaways Terbesar Dan Terbaik Di Ajang Game OnlineRilis Jangan Sampai Lewatkan Review New Perkalian x1000 Terbaru Semakin Banyak Orang Dapatkan 2025Viralkan Berkat Trick Pola Lebah Modal Kecil x1000 Auto Pada Join Link Ini Simak PolanyaPengertian Rahasia Trick Scatter Hitam: Temukan Di Situs Lvonline Tampilan SupportKesempatan Langka Candy Blitz Bombs: Game Nya Manis Hasilnya Sadis Malam Hari IniSogar Bogar Bandot Berdebar: 3 Tekanan Berenergik Dapat Scatter Hitam Cara Idaman Cukup Kedip Mata Ini CaranyaTrik Mudah Menang Bermain Game Mahjong Auto Freespin Anti Zonk Rungkad Simak CaranyaMetode Trik Maxwin Modal Hari Natal Dan Tahun Baru Buruan Sekarang Join Simak PenjelasannyaKabar Baik Raja Scatter Hitam Asli Resmi Hanya Ada Di Sini Simak Dan Ikutin CaranyaPadahal Sudah Di Tawari Wild Bounty Untuk Stay, Pemain Ini Justru Lebih Pilih Mahjong Ways Scatter HitamPassion Slot Reborn Tips Dan Share Pola Terbaru Mahjong Ways Anti Zonk Rungkad Mari Simak PenjelasannyaStruktur Turbo Mahjong Dalam Kemenangan Gokil Pecah Abis Cukup 2 ScatterBikin Nangis Haru Tips Dan Trick Memanggil Naga Emas Mahjong Simak Penjelasan Dan Cara TerkiniPencarian Scatter Hitam Di Lanjut, Jadi Kado Natal Terbaik Di Akhir Tahun 2024Toto MacauInfrastruktur Pembangunan Scatter Mahjong 2025 Pasti Akan Semakin Lebih Baik Dari Tahun 2024 Buru Maxwin Di SiniViral Scatter Hitam Telah Menjadi Buronan Dan Saat Ini Sedang Menjadi Pencarian Bagi Ratusan Ribu Orang MasyarakatBayar Pakai Qris Emoney Tanpa Kenak Fee 12% Mau Tau Caranya? Simak Berikut CaranyaApakah Fish Prawn King Crab Win Win Akan Kenak Fee Sebesar 12%? Simak PenjelasanApakah Metode Pulsa Juga Akan Di Kenakan Fee Pajak 12%? Bagaimana CaranyaPuncak Arus Mudik Natal Dan Tahun Baru Racikan Pola Akhir Tahun Modal 100 Ribu Meledak JutaanViral Scatter Hitam Telah Menjadi Buronan Dan Saat Ini Sedang Menjadi Pencarian Bagi Ratusan Ribu Orang MasyarakatBayar Pakai Qris Emoney Tanpa Kenak Fee 12% Mau Tau Caranya? Simak Berikut CaranyaPuncak Arus Mudik Natal Dan Tahun Baru Racikan Pola Akhir Tahun Modal 100 Ribu Meledak JutaanPencarian Scatter Hitam Di Lanjut, Jadi Kado Natal Terbaik Di Akhir Tahun 2024Infrastruktur Pembangunan Scatter Mahjong 2025 Pasti Akan Semakin Lebih Baik Dari Tahun 2024 Buru Maxwin Di SiniApakah Fish Prawn King Crab Win Win Akan Kenak Fee Sebesar 12%? Simak PenjelasanApakah Metode Pulsa Juga Akan Di Kenakan Fee Pajak 12%? Bagaimana Caranya
Berita Harian Waktu MainNKContrast NewsBerita Terupdate Sepakbola DuniaMini Clip Games NewsCentral Street Scene NewsBerita Umum & Bola TerpercayaMaureen Callaghan NewsUfabet789 Gambling General NewsUfabet26 World Gambling NewsUfabetVN Global NewsUfabet Ace333 Daily NewsUfabet442 Daily Updated NewsSattar777 NewsHarian JasaCash88 TerkiniUfabet G88 Summit NewsHarian QQJELAS NewsKabar Warta QQDewaBosUfabet Tech Software NewsVR Slot Online NewsBerita JokerSlotMPO HarianBerita AgenSlot Joker234Ufabet17 NewsUfaDoubleBet06 Daily NewsPro761 Ufabet Live NewsUfabet Year 65s NewsUfabet 365 NewsTHB Ufa Bettor NewsThai Online Slot NewsThai VIP Slot JournalJoker123 Online Slot NewsMajalah AgenSlot GlobalRuby888 Online Slot NewsBerita Global Klik Agenslot228Agen Sloto SG777 NewsGold Club SlotOnline NewsAzar Marra Kech NewsBerita Sidney dan MancanegaraBerita Seputar Sumsel dan DuniaBerita Rehabilitasi Judi OnlineBerita Link Gacor TerupdateItalian Tuition News UpdateWPJS Online NewsBerita Agen Slot RoyalThai Slot Online NewsAll Online Game NewsOnline Game News UpdateAsian Lotre NewsBerita Demo Dana SlotBerita Kalbar ProvLocanda della Maria NewsWye Valley NewsBerita Agen Slot1004Berita Agen Slot33Agen Slot399 NewsPlayboy Slot Online NewsSlot Online BB Slot NewsSlot Online 911 News365 Slot Online NewsEat Atlah NewsHRC | World Kansas KremlinDesign Works InteriorsAdreannes CollectionsWAS Limited Car DealerDISC with ImpactESTR NetIngenious GamersFriweb TeknologiNOHRA SHRMMVHRAMighteTrackLeading with DISCSitus Slot Thailand TerbaikInVision StrategiesImpact DevelopmentHuber Electric MotorPlayhack AppwareFreeware VIP Might E CartMight E LetterPolaris ChriopracticPriority Nutrition Care Distance Dietetic IntershipPriority Nutrition CareSmilonichSnazzo Spyware VIPtdodd coaching ScoutwareNorthwest Ohio Human Resource AssociationMight E ContentAspect of Marketingscatter hitamSlot Singapore RTP TertinggiSitus Slot Gacor Hari IniSlot Viral Mudah MenangSitus Slot Gampang JackpotSitus Slot ThailandLembaga Universitas Kristen MaranthaSMP 3 Negri Nganjukambamali canadaInfo Seputar Sepakbolacentre thoughtBerita Hiburanopen etherpadras indo groupresistance manualPrediksi Shiowe want real newsthe poisoned pawnindonesia reclaimed teakswift kennedy and coPublic Flashesthe late show gardensGishPuppy Newspullip passionmy passion foraim torontoIDNCashhttps://idncpremium.unikrim.ac.idhttps://pelajar-idnc.smpn3nganjuk.sch.idrcm educationBerita Harian AdreannesBerita Harian Aspect MarketingInsiden Kebakaran Api5000Ramalan DewiJokerRekomendasi Hero Mobile Legendidncashslot idncashidntogelslot maxwinslot danaOregon Farm Garden NewsViral Pulse Globalidncashidncash slot onlineidntogelAHS Surgicals Healthcareslot gacor versi thailandscatter hitamscatter hitamslot qrisslot danagunung388gunung388idncashslot thailandspaceman slotslot gacor hari iniUAM Azcapotzalco | Coordinación de Extensión Universitariaslot server luarmahjong waysIDNCashFelix Cano Floreshttps://apar.ptpgli.co.id/gunung388https://ad2f.fr/Slot Gacor Hari IniAutobaterias GranadaViajes Turismo y Aventuras desde EspanaWINTXCODERS Foro InformaticaNB Group A leading corporate groupauspimedIDNCashTogel OnlinePaito Warnarejeki nomplok penjual es teh dari mahjong waysedukasi dini aturan wild bandito dalam meraih jackpotHongkong Lottoterobosan terbaru bermain game mahjongmedusa stone pragmatic play terbarupola penting sugar rush jadi sultanmenguak mister freespin olympus zeushujan di indonesia jackpot di ihokibet starlight princess bawa 50jt dengan modal keciljackpot 100 juta di ihokibet jadi berita viral mahjong ways bawa keberuntungan imlek 2025mahjong ways imlek 2025 jackpot 100 juta di ihokibet jadi viralihokibet modal kecil hujan jackpot di starlight princessihokibet hadirkan hujan main starlight princess modal kecil raih 50 jtakhiri tahun 2024 dengan kemenangan besar wild banditodapat putaran gratis gates of gatot kaca gunung388gunakan ilmu matematika modern untuk menghasilkan cuanmodal receh 20 ribu bisa jadi 12 juta di gunung388trik jitu pemancing naga hitam di mahjong wins 38 Strategi Jitu GUNUNG388 Bisa Bikin Anda Sukses Tanpa Keluar RumahMain ke Hutan Lihat Kanguru, Di GUNUNG388 Rezeki Menunggu!Kode Tersembunyi Di Mahjong Ways Yang Buat Siklus Permainan Jadi Acak di GUNUNG388Hitam Membawa Berkah! Itulah Julukan Mahjong Wins3 Black Scatter Oleh Sang Master Mogbai Asal Pedalaman Papua