SİGARA İÇEN/İÇMEYEN 18 YAŞ ÜZERİ ERİŞKİNLERDE EKSPİRYUM HAVASINDA KARBONMONOKSİT DÜZEYİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ - DETERMINATION of CARBON MONOXIDE LEVEL in EXPIRATORY AIR in SMOKER/NON SMOKER ADULTS over 18 YEARS of AGE

İrem Bulut, Berrak Aksakal, Ferit Kaya, Yunus Güneş, Süleyman Erhan Deveci

Öz


Sigarada bulunan kimyasal maddeler içerisinde de en çok bilineni karbonmonoksittir. Bu çalışmada sigara içen/içmeyen bireylerin ayrıca pasif içicilerin solunum havasındaki karbonmonoksit düzeylerinin belirlenerek karşılaştırılması ve sigara içenlerde bu düzeyin sigara kullanım durumu ile ilişkisinin ortaya çıkarılması amaçlanmıştır. Tanımlayıcı tipteki bu çalışma, Elazığ İl Merkezinde bulunan bir alışveriş merkezinde Halk Sağlığı Müdürlüğü tarafından açılmış olan bir sağlık standına başvuran 297 gönüllü birey üzerinde yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın verileri, yüz yüze anket yöntemi ve karbonmonoksit (CO) ölçüm cihazı kullanılarak yapılan ekspiryum havasında CO ölçümleri ile toplanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamına alınan bireylerin yaş ortalaması 32.91±10.06 olup, %25.9’unu kadınlar oluşturmaktadır. Kişilerin %67.7’sinin aktif sigara kullanıcısı, %12.5’inin pasif içici olduğu, %19.9’unun sigara kullanmadığı belirlenmiştir. Sigara kullananların %45.3’ü günlük 11-20 adet, %24.9’u ise 21 adet ve üzerinde sigara tükettiklerini belirtmiştir. Sigara içenlerin %69.7’si 10 yıldan az, %30.3’ü ise 10 yıldan fazla süredir sigara içmektedir. Kişilere “öksürük, balgam, nefes darlığıyla giden bir akciğer hastalığınız var mı?” diye sorulduğunda %9.4’ü evet demiştir. Çalışmaya alınan kişilerin ölçülen CO düzeylerinin ortalaması 10.18±8.83 ppm’dir (min:1, maks:44). Aktif olarak sigara kullanan kişilerin nefeste ortalama CO düzeyi (13.93±8.42 ppm) olup hiç içmemiş, içip bırakmış ve pasif içici olanlardan anlamlı olarak daha yüksektir (p<0.05). Sigara içenlerde ekspiryum havasında CO düzeyi diğerlerinden yüksek bulunmuştur. Ekspiryum havasındaki CO’nun ölçülmesi sigara içme durumunun değerlendirilmesinde kolay, invaziv olmayan ve hızlı sonuç verebilen bir yöntemdir. Sigara kullanan kişilere CO ölçümünün yapılması bırakmaya yönlendirmede etkili olabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Sigara, karbon monoksit, ekspiryum havası.

Abstract:

Among the substances found in cigarettes, the most known is carbon monoxide. In this study, it was aimed to determine and compare the levels of carbon monoxide levels in respiratory air of smoker/non smoker individuals and also passive smokers and to reveal the relation of this level with smoking status in smoker individuals. This descriptive study was carried out on 297 voluntary individuals applying to a health stand opened by the Elazig Public Health Directorate in a shopping center in the city center of Elazig. The data of the study were collected by face-to-face survey method and carbon monoxide (CO) measurements in expiratory air by using CO measurement device. The mean age of the individuals included in the scope of the study was 32.91±10.06 and 25.9% of them were women. It was determined that 67.7% of study subjects were active cigarette smoker, 12.5% were passive smoker and 19.9% were non-smoker. 45.3% of the smokers stated that they consumed 11-20 cigarettes, 24.9% of the smokers stated that they consumed 21 or more cigarettes per day. 69.7% of smokers had been smoking less than 10 years and 30.3% had been smoking for more than 10 years. When people were asked whether they had cough, sputum or a lung disease with shortness of breath, 9.4% of them said yes. The mean measured CO level of study subjects was 10.18 ± 8.83 ppm (min:1, max:44). The mean CO level was 13.93 ± 8.42 ppm in the breath of active smokers, which was significantly higher than those who never smoked, smoked only in the past and passively smoked cigarettes (p <0.05). In smokers, CO levels in expiratory air were higher than others. Measurement of CO level in expiratory air is an easy, non-invasive, and rapid method for assessing smoking status. CO measurement for smokers can be effective in directing to quit smoking.

Key words: Cigarette, carbon monoxide, expiratory air.


Tam Metin:

ARTICLE 1

Referanslar


Middleton ET, Morice AH. Breath carbon monoxide as an indication of smoking habit. Chest. 2000; 117:758-63.

Zayasu K, Sekizawa K, Okinaga S, et al. Exhaled Carbon Monoxide in Exhaled Air of Asthmatic Patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997; 156:1140–43.

WHO. Tobacco 2018. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs339/en/, (17/09/2018).

Trakya Üniversitesi Öğrencilerinin Riskli Sağlık Davranışları ve Sağlık Hizmeti Kullanımları. Halil Evren. Trakya Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Halk Sağlığı Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Edirne: 2008.

Dağlı E. Tütün Endüstri Oyunları ile Nasıl Baş Edilir?. Sted 2014; 23: 8-11.

WHO. Tütün Kontrolünde Sağlık Profesyonellerinin Rolü, 2005; 1-31.

Kharitonov SA, Barnes PJ. Exhaled Markers of Pulmonary Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001; 163:693–1722

Salepçi B, Fidan A, Oruç Ö, Torun E, Çağlayan B. Sigara bırakma polikliniğimizde başarı oranları ve başarıda etkili faktörler. Toraks Dergisi 2005; 6 (2): 151-8.

U.S. EPA. Air quality criteria for carbon monoxide Final Report, 2000. Washington, DC. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington Office. 2000; EPA, 600/P-99/001F.

Baran O, Gürün A, Karadağ Ö. Ankara merkezinde çalışan bazı taksi şoförlerinin nefeslerinde ölçülen karbonmonoksit değerleri ve bazı çevresel faktörlerle ilişkisi. TAF Prev Med Bull 2010; 9(6): 591-96.

WHO. Air Quality Guidelines - Second Edition. WHO Regiona Office for Europe, Copenhagen,_Denmark,_2000._http://www.euro.who.int/document/aiq/5_5carbonmonoxide.

Ryter SW, Choi AM. Carbon monoxide in exhaled breath testing and therapeutics. J Breath Res 2013; 7: 017111.

Salepçi BM, Fidan A, Parmaksız ET, Coşkun E, Kıral N, Çağlayan B, Cömert SS, Doğan C. Solunum fonksiyon testinde küçük hava yolu obstrüksiyon varlığı ekspiryum havasında ölçülen karbonmonoksit düzeyini etkiler mi? Eurasian J Pulmonol 2015.

Coburn R. Endogenous carbon monoxide production and body CO stores. Acta Med Scand Suppl 1967; 472: 269-82.

Gajdos MD, Canso F, Korach JM. Incidence and causes of carbon monoxide intoxication: Results of an epidemiologic survey in a French department. J Forensic Sci 1991; 46 (l6): 373-76.

Vural N, Kahraman R. Karbonmonoksit (CO) zehirlenmesi ile ölenlerde ve sigara içenlerde karboksihemoglobin (COHb) ve methemoglobin (MetHb) düzeyleri. Ankara Eczacılık Fakültesi Dergisi 1994; 23: 1-2.

Vural N, Motacedded Z. Standardization of carboxyhemoglobin by microspectrophotometric method and application of the method to workers occupational exposed to carbonmonoxide. A.Ü. Ecz. Fak. Mec. 1978; 8 (1): 51-68.

Vural N. Türk tütünlerindeki kanserojenler. Tütün ve İnsan Sağlığı Sempozyumu 1980; 4-5 Nisan.

Jamrozik K, Vessey M, Fowler G, Wald N, Parker G, Van Vunakis H. Controlled trial of three different anti-smoking interventions in general practice. Br Med J 1984; 288: 1499-502.

Ilano AL, Raffin TA. Management of carbon monoxide poisoning. Chest. 1990; 97: 165-69.

Hung J, Lin CH, Wang JD, Chan CC. Exhaled carbon monoxide level as an indicator of cigarette consumption in a workplace cessation program in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 2006; 105: 210-3.

Sandberg A, Sköld CM, Grunewald J, Eklund A, Wheelock ÅM. Assessing recent smoking status by measuring exhaled carbon monoxide levels. PLoS One 2011; 6: 28864

WHO. Tobacco Free Initiative. About second hand smoke, http://www.who.int/tobacco/research/secondhand_smoke/about/en/, (17/09/2018).

Küresel Yetişkin Tütün Araştırması Türkiye 2012. 948, Ankara, 2014.

Bülbül SH, Ceyhun AG. Pasif sigara içiciliği. Türk Aile Hek Derg 2006; 10(3): 123-28.

Monitoring tobacco use and prevention policies. Who Report On The Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2017; 1-135.

Türkcan A, Çakmak D. Sigara bağımlılarında solunum havasında karbonmonoksit düzeyleri. Bağımlılık Dergisi 2004; 5 (3): 133-38.

Sönmez HM, Başak O, Camcı C, Baltacı R, Karazeybek HŞ, Yazgan F, Ertin İ, Çelik ŞÇ. Aydın yöresinde on yedi yaş üstü kitlede sigara içimi ve hipertansiyonla birlikteliği. Ege Tıp Dergisi 2000; 39 (2): 105-11.

İbrahimov F, Şahin İ, Eminağa F, Feyzioğlu K, Metin BC, Aslan D. Nargile içicilerinin bazı özellikleri ve ekspiryum havasında karbon monoksid (CO) düzeylerinin saptanması. Gülhane Tıp Derg 2012; 54:49-56.

Deveci SE, Deveci F, Açık Y, Ozan AT. The measurement of exhaled carbon monoxide in healthy smokers and non-smokers. Respiratory Medicine 2004; 98:551-56.

Temel O, Coşkun AŞ, Gök Ş, Çelik P, Yorgancıoğlu A. Sağlık çalışanlarında, aktif ve pasif sigara içicilerde nikotin etkilenim düzeyleri. Tur Toraks Der 2009; 10: 107-11.

Bıçak M, Özkan M, Yüksekol İ, Tozkoparan E, Balkan A, Ekiz K, Demirci N. Astım ve KOAH’ta ekspiryum havasında karbon monoksit ölçümünün önemi. Toraks Dergisi 2003; 3: 231-35.

Önen ZP, Şen E, Gülbay BE, Öztürk A, Yıldız Akkoca Ö, Acıcan T, Saryal S, Karabıyıkoğlu G. Kardiyopulmoner hastalığı olanlarda sigaranın bırakılması. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg 2011; 11: 244-49.


Refback'ler

  • Şu halde refbacks yoktur.
lvonlineLvonline SlottogelhokTogelhokScatter HitamSlotDaftar LvonlineMahjong Wins 2Scatter HitamSlot QrisLvoslotWild Bounty ShowdownTOGELHOKToto MacauMahjong SlotCapcut88Slot DanaSlot ZeusSlot BonusNoLimit CityTogel OnlineSlot777Scatter Hitam MahjongSlot ThailandSlot Luar NegeriSitus Slot ThailandSlot VietnamSlot KambojaSBOBET LoginSlot77Slot Thailand GacorScatter Hitam Mahjong WaysCMD Sports
Bebas Bermain Game Mahjong Ways, Capcut88 Memberikan JackpotMahjong Ways Scatter Hitam Menjadi TrendingBom Meledak Di Sweet Bonanza x1000Mahjong Scatter Hitam Pola AmpuhKemenangan Mahjong Ways, Siapkan Rekeningmu Pasti PecahAnime Popeye Masuk Domain Mahjong Ways 2 Publik Di 2025Petir Rasengan Zeus Pecah Modal RecehPrediksi Tren Pola Scatter Hitam 2025Tips Investasi Bagi Pemula Siap-Siap Cuan Saldo Berserak Memuncak Scatter Hitam Di 2025Viral Guru Di Olympus Jalan Kaki Olympus - Olympus 1000 Usai Memberikan Maxwin
Asalas | Unlock Anime, Manhwa & Donghua Like Never BeforeFinasteriden: Unlock the Secrets of the Movie World!Marians Woman: Celebrating Beauty Around the WorldArheon - Unveiling the Secrets of Food & Origins WorldwideMPAPER The Ultimate Destination for Anime & Manga FansMV Agusta of Tampa: Your Automotive News HubTech and Play: Your Hub for Technology, Gaming, and GadgetsRebeccaSommer : Stories & Cultures from Around the WorldVandelay Armor - Viral News and Global UpdatesGainesville Sun: Technology & Computers UnveiledGRFX Gaming Party Bus: Journey Through Gaming ErasLearn Mistake: Wisdom for a Better LifeHouse of Beauty: Celebrating the World's Most Beautiful WomenSports Hope Alive: Portal Olahraga DuniaWorld News TW - The Hottest Viral News & Global HeadlinesWriter Sujatha - Life Lessons & Struggles That Inspirehttps://128.199.185.186/https://143.198.89.74/https://165.227.47.178/https://170.64.208.214/https://170.64.192.239/https://46.101.102.216/LVONLINEtelegram lvonlinehttps://www.thecarbongenie.com/https://www.aievea-bijou.com/https://www.slashpolicy.com/https://www.benwestbeech.com/https://www.hh-bags.com/https://www.drupalforfacebook.org/https://www.lvonline.boats/https://www.lvoslot.com/https://www.lvobet.id/https://www.lvoslot.id/https://www.lvonline000.com/https://www.lvonline001.com/https://www.lvonline002.com/https://www.lvonline003.com/https://www.lvonline004.com/https://www.lvonline005.com/https://www.lvonline006.com/https://www.lvonline007.com/https://www.lvonline008.com/https://www.lvonline009.com/https://www.lvonline010.com/https://www.lvonlinepoker.com/https://www.lvonlinebola.com/https://www.lvonlinekasino.com/https://www.lvonlineslot.com/https://www.lvonline.io/https://www.lvonline.store/https://www.lvonline.online/https://www.situslvonline.us/situs bandar lvonlinehttps://146.190.97.83/https://143.198.209.134/https://188.166.246.204/https://167.172.83.179/https://togelhok.tv/https://www.togelhok.id/https://earthtoweb.com/https://www.elearningfacultymodules.org/https://www.how6youtoknowc.org/https://128.199.71.129/https://167.172.64.185/https://www.capcut88.com/https://www.capcut88.co/https://www.capcut88.vip/https://www.capcut88.org/https://www.capcut88.pro/https://www.towsonsmiles.com/https://www.campur88.com/https://www.campur88.org/https://www.campur88.work/https://www.campur88.xyz/https://www.campur88.lol/https://www.nagacampur.biz/https://www.nagacampur.club/https://www.nagacampur.co/https://www.nagacampur.me/https://www.nagacampur.xyz/https://www.nasicampur88.com/https://165.232.175.185/https://152.42.164.228/https://152.42.194.203/https://152.42.169.214/https://www.campurslot.com/https://www.campurslot.id/https://www.campurslot.co/https://www.campurslot.org/https://www.campurslot.homes/https://www.campurslot.design/Badan Lembaga Pendidikan Ilmu Komputer SubangUniversitas Negeri JeparaLembaga Universitas Kristen MaranthaSMP 3 Negri Nganjukhttps://iklanmalay.com/https://promobola.comhttps://kapsychologists.comhttps://propertycloudsite.comSattar777 NewsVR Slot Online NewsRuby888 Online Slot NewsBerita Global Klik Agenslot228Agen Sloto SG777 NewsGold Club SlotOnline NewsAzar Marra Kech NewsBerita Sidney dan MancanegaraBerita Seputar Sumsel dan DuniaBerita Rehabilitasi Judi OnlineBerita Link Gacor TerupdateItalian Tuition News UpdateWPJS Online NewsBerita Agen Slot RoyalThai Slot Online NewsAll Online Game NewsOnline Game News UpdateAsian Lotre NewsBerita Demo Dana SlotBerita Kalbar ProvLocanda della Maria NewsWye Valley NewsBerita Agen Slot1004Berita Agen Slot33Agen Slot399 NewsPlayboy Slot Online NewsSlot Online BB Slot NewsSlot Online 911 News365 Slot Online NewsEat Atlah Newsambamali canadaInfo Seputar Sepakbolacentre thoughtBerita Hiburanopen etherpadras indo groupresistance manualPrediksi Shiowe want real newsthe poisoned pawnindonesia reclaimed teakswift kennedy and copullip passionmy passion foraim torontoPublic FlashesFriweb TeknologiIngenious Gamersthe late show gardensGishPuppy Newsslot danaOregon Farm Garden NewsViral Pulse GlobalPromo Bola soccer Captivates The WorldKapsychologists World First The Science of Mental Health - Understanding Psychiatry: The Science of Mental HealthPropertyCloudSite How to Make Smarter Investments in Today’s MarketArnavichara Ultimate Guide Right Business SoftwareAuscare Disability A Comprehensive Guide to Retirement Homes Finding the Perfect Place to Enjoy Your Golden YearsSeries Mp4 The Future of Entertainment Streaming and Downloadable Video ExplainedAlogirlxinh How to Create a Successful Personal Page or Blog in 2024dewa787dewa787dewa787dewa787dewa787dewa787dewa787dewa787bimoin88bima138jumpajpjumpajpbalijituBalijituplayjituplayjituplayjituplayjituplayjituplayjituihokibethttps://www.925lms.com/https://www.mobiliars.org/https://www.squashparkwieliczka.pl/https://mok.edu.kz/https://www.mware.cloud/https://www.facilitiescoolingandheating.com.au/https://www.krillpay.ng/https://www.scenarioaulongcourt-archives.com/https://www.autoriaestudio.com.br/http://iventure.hk/PMA/https://apexvisas.com/https://www.jeanantoine.be/https://hirondelle-seychelles.com/https://finance.andrekb.com/https://www.l-a.love/https://ad2f.fr/https://capcut88.agcasigorta.com/https://portal.ubk.ac.id/pmb/website/Bebas Bermain Game Mahjong Ways, Capcut88 Memberikan JackpotMahjong Ways Scatter Hitam Menjadi TrendingBom Meledak Di Sweet Bonanza x1000Mahjong Scatter Hitam Pola AmpuhKemenangan Mahjong Ways, Siapkan Rekeningmu Pasti PecahAnime Popeye Masuk Domain Mahjong Ways 2 Publik Di 2025Petir Rasengan Zeus Pecah Modal RecehPrediksi Tren Pola Scatter Hitam 2025Tips Investasi Bagi Pemula Siap-Siap Cuan Saldo Berserak Memuncak Scatter Hitam Di 2025Viral Guru Di Olympus Jalan Kaki Olympus - Olympus 1000 Usai Memberikan Maxwin
Ingenious GamersViral Pulse GlobalCentre ThoughtWe Want Real NewsPublic FlashesDaftarJudiIndonesia ReClaimed TeakGishPuppy News24h NewspaperMagazine LifeThe GalleonLPM - Lembaga Penjaminan MutuNEB NOTESProdi Akuntansi Univesitas Islam LamonganWonderworldwaterparkUniversidad Autonoma Metropolitana AzcapotzalcoGenero y reconfiguracion socialDepartamento de SociologíaUAM Azcapotzalco | Coordinación de Extensión UniversitariaTIEMPO UAMColoquio Internacional VisualizaciónUPT Puskesmas Tanjung SelorKaisiadoriu zinios informacinis portalasINICIOSenturia Vuon LaiFundacion RLRFundacion RLRTerkini Berita IndoTien PhuocCentro Social da ParoquiaKaisiadoriu zinios informacinis portalasGuia de la ConstrucciontechstartnewsRas Indo GroupFriweb TeknologiAmbamali CanadaOpen Ether PadOregon Farm Garden NewsAim TorontoThe Poisoned PawnResistance ManualPrediksi shiotogel4dTerkini Berita IndoLiputan Media IndonesiaDunia Dalam CeritaLintas CakrawalaTribun Warta KitaIndo Akar AbadiIndojas TipsSokPaten InfoJejak Pagi NusantaraKabar Dunia WartawanBerita Kalbar ProvBerita Sumsel ProvAsalas Unlock AnimeFinasteridenMarians WomanArheonMPAPERMV Agusta of TampacheapshoesoutletonlinesRebeccaSommerVandelay ArmorGRFX Gaming PartyHouse of BeautyLearn Mistakedwi cahyo nugroho dibantu dukun kongosolusi terbaik imlek 2025 meraih maxwin aktortogelrekomendasi game terbaik di aktortogelkesaksian pemain aktortogel anti rungkadmenanti tanpa kepastian menang besar aktortogelrahasia orang tua sederhana jutawan aktortogeltukang bakso jadi jutawan maxwin petir 1000xviral cowok diputusin dapat maxwin aktortogelcinta semalam jackpot aktortogel5 menit main sweet bonanza x1000 langsung menang 300 jutagebrakan awal tahun dari gates of gatot kaca x1000raih profit maksimal modal kecil menang besar di sugar rush x1000rayakan keseruan bermain mahjong ways 2 dengan putaran turbo mode ontips jitu profit besar di mahjong wins 3 4 simbol scatter hitamcuan cepat main mahjong ways 2 dengan pola putaran naik turunkisah bahagia di bulan januari dari pemain sweet bonanza x1000menang besar modal receh bukan mimpi di gates of olympus x1000princess starlight hadirkan kemenangan maksimal dengan pola matematika bintang 3raih cuan besar mahjong wins 3 adakan event jackpot ganda di gunung388kisah pengemis hebat main olympus aktortogel profit besarkuli jenius penguasa dunia bermain aktortogelmantan tidak tahu saya jutawan aktortogelmenemukan situs miliyader aktortogel untuk imlek nantiperang dewa olympus maxwin aktortogelanak merantau jutawan aktortogeliapa sangka mantan tidak tahu saya jadi jutawan di aktortogelkisah cinta serasi bermain aktortogel hingga maxwinrahasia terbongkar pembantuku lebih kaya karena maxwin di aktortogelbocah jadi bos anak kecil ini jadi jutawan di aktortogelbeli pajero sport baru setelah maxwin di sugar rush x1000bitcoin meroket di susul tingkat kemenangan mahjong wins 3nikmati cuan besar tanpa rasa ragu di gates of olympus x1000rasakan kemenangan besar di wisdom of athena x1000saldo meroket dalam 5 menit setelah bermain mahjong ways 2kunci sukses trik rumus matematika pada mahjong waysmenang besar bukan cuma mimpi di sweet bonanza x1000mengenal pola rahasia mode turbo on pada mahjong wins 3princes starlight jadi permainan pilihan utama warga bandungraih kemenangan tertinggi ribuan titik jackpot gunung388